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Urine examination

Urine examination, also known as urinalysis, is a crucial diagnostic tool used in medicine to assess the health of the urinary system and to detect various medical conditions. It involves analyzing the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine.

Acid base Balance

The normal function of nearly all physiological processes in the body depends on maintenance of appropriate acid-base balance. The value of intracellular pH and interstitial pH strongly depends on the value of arterial blood pH, which ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 under normal physiological conditions.

Types of Hemoglobins 

Many different types of hemoglobin (Hb) exist. The most common ones are HbA, HbA2, HbE, HbF, HbS, HbC, HbH, and HbM. Healthy adults only have significant levels of only HbA and HbA2.

Alpha Thalassemia 

Thalassemia is the quantitative defect in the length of globin chains if hemoglobin. Alpha thalassemia is the reduction of alpha chains or complete absence of these. Its clinical features depends upon different factors which are explained in this lecture.

Aplastic anemia 

Anemia is the reduction in hemoglobin, RBCs count and PCV according to age and gender. It has many types but mainly it is classified on the basis of morphology and underlying cause. Aplastic anemia is a type of anemia in which all types of blood cells are not formed. Its clinical features depends upon different factors which are explained in this lecture.

Acid base Balance 

The normal function of nearly all physiological processes in the body depends on maintenance of appropriate acid-base balance. The value of intracellular pH and interstitial pH strongly depends on the value of arterial blood pH, which ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 under normal physiological conditions.

Acid base Balance 

The normal function of nearly all physiological processes in the body depends on maintenance of appropriate acid-base balance. The value of intracellular pH and interstitial pH strongly depends on the value of arterial blood pH, which ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 under normal physiological conditions.

Acid base Balance 

The normal function of nearly all physiological processes in the body depends on maintenance of appropriate acid-base balance. The value of intracellular pH and interstitial pH strongly depends on the value of arterial blood pH, which ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 under normal physiological conditions.

Acid base Balance 

The normal function of nearly all physiological processes in the body depends on maintenance of appropriate acid-base balance. The value of intracellular pH and interstitial pH strongly depends on the value of arterial blood pH, which ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 under normal physiological conditions.

Acid base Balance 

The normal function of nearly all physiological processes in the body depends on maintenance of appropriate acid-base balance. The value of intracellular pH and interstitial pH strongly depends on the value of arterial blood pH, which ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 under normal physiological conditions.

Acid base Balance 

The normal function of nearly all physiological processes in the body depends on maintenance of appropriate acid-base balance. The value of intracellular pH and interstitial pH strongly depends on the value of arterial blood pH, which ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 under normal physiological conditions.

Acid base Balance 

The normal function of nearly all physiological processes in the body depends on maintenance of appropriate acid-base balance. The value of intracellular pH and interstitial pH strongly depends on the value of arterial blood pH, which ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 under normal physiological conditions.

Acid base Balance 

The normal function of nearly all physiological processes in the body depends on maintenance of appropriate acid-base balance. The value of intracellular pH and interstitial pH strongly depends on the value of arterial blood pH, which ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 under normal physiological conditions.

Acid base Balance 

The normal function of nearly all physiological processes in the body depends on maintenance of appropriate acid-base balance. The value of intracellular pH and interstitial pH strongly depends on the value of arterial blood pH, which ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 under normal physiological conditions.

Acid base Balance 

The normal function of nearly all physiological processes in the body depends on maintenance of appropriate acid-base balance. The value of intracellular pH and interstitial pH strongly depends on the value of arterial blood pH, which ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 under normal physiological conditions.

Acid base Balance 

The normal function of nearly all physiological processes in the body depends on maintenance of appropriate acid-base balance. The value of intracellular pH and interstitial pH strongly depends on the value of arterial blood pH, which ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 under normal physiological conditions.